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Techniques

Although Russula, Lactarius and the other russuloid fungi show many affinities with other macromycetes, their study and description requires the use of some techniques which are not always well-known by everyone. In this section of the web-site we are therefore providing extensive notes on this subject, suggesting how any collection of Russulales should be observed.

What to observe and how to do it?

Macroscopy

Making a good description

Taking spore prints

Macrochemical reactions

Guaiac

Iron sulfate (FeSO4)

Sulfovanillin

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Microscopy

Spores

Basidia

Cystidia

Dermatocystidia

Primordial hyphae

Hyphal extremities

Tissue and structure

What to illustrate and how to do it?

Drawings

Sections

Surface views

Individual elements

Taking photographs

In the field

Microscopy

Electron microscope
 

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